The role of primary cytoreductive surgery in the management of ovarian cancer is well established. It is known that complete cytoreductive surgery enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy by decreasing the cell clones that are resistant. Also, chemotherapy is delivered better to a small and well-vascularised residual tumor.1 Despite the standard treatment of primary cytoreduction and systemic chemotherapy, 70–90% of patients develop recurrent disease.2 Patients who have recurrence after six months of primary treatment are known to be platinum sensitive and hence most often rechallenged with platinum-based chemotherapy with various response rates due to the heterogeneity of the recurrent disease.
The role of surgery in the management of recurrent ovarian cancer has not been well established. Recent literature shows that in a selected group of patients, secondary cytoreductive surgery improves the prognosis.2-5 The two most consistent factors showing favorable outcome in patients undergoing secondary cytoreductive procedure were prolonged treatment-free survival (first recurrence from six months to 24 months) and postoperative residual disease, described as “<0.5mm,” “microscopic,” or “none.”3-6 A meta-analysis by Bristow et al,7 supports the role of secondary cytoreductive surgery and proved that residual disease after debulking surgery is an important determinant of survival. New surgical options are emerging for selected patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, such as complete cytoreductive surgery including peritonectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). These surgeries aim at achieving minimal or no residual disease and targeting the remaining residual disease with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Again, this is based on the principle of using aggressive primary cytoreductive surgery with intraperitoneal chemotherapy for advanced ovarian cancer. Chi et al,8 demonstrated that along with traditional primary cytoreductive surgery, incorporating procedures such as resection of diaphragm peritonectomy, splenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, partial hepatectomy, cholecystectomy, and portal caval dissection in order to address tumor deposits in the upper abdomen has led to improved five-year progression–free survival.
The question of whether a change in the surgical paradigm should occur for recurrent ovarian cancer remains a topic of debate. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate our experience with secondary cytoreductive surgery for Asian patients with recurrent ovarian cancer and to evaluate various prognostic variables on overall post-recurrence survival time.
Methods
After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, the Gynaecological Cancer Center at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, database was reviewed to identify patients with recurrent ovarian cancer who underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery from 1999 to 2009. Only those patients with epithelial ovarian cancer who had primary surgery followed by platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy and who were in clinical remission for six months were included in the study. All patients with recurrent ovarian cancer were presented at multidisciplinary tumor board meeting and, based on their clinical and radiological findings, patients who were deemed to have the resectable disease were selected for secondary cytoreductive surgery. The criteria for optimal cytoreductive surgery varied during the study period, before 2002 it was taken as <2cm and after that it was <1cm. Following surgery, patients were treated with a platinum-based chemotherapy combination and were changed to second- or third-line regimens based on their response. Twenty-five patients were identified from the database that fulfilled our criteria. Data were retrieved for age, details of primary surgery, stage, histological type, grade, adjuvant chemotherapy treatment, secondary debulking surgery if optimal or sub-optimal, follow-up, and survival outcome.
Disease-free interval (DFI) was calculated as the time (in months) from the date of completion of chemotherapy following primary cytoreductive surgery to the date of recurrence. Overall survival (OS) was calculated as the time (in months) from the date of completion of chemotherapy following secondary cytoreductive surgery to the date of death from all causes or censored at the date of last follow-up. Disease-free survival (DFS) was calculated as the time (in months) from the date of completion of chemotherapy following secondary cytoreductive surgery to the date of recurrence or death from all causes, or censored at date of last follow-up. Patients who had progressive disease following secondary cytoreductive surgery were excluded from the analysis of DFS. Median follow-up duration was estimated using the reverse Kaplan-Meier method. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the survival functions for DFI, OS, and DFS. Median DFI, OS, and DFS were derived, and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the log-log method. One-, two- and three-year survival rates were also derived from the Kaplan-Meier survivor function. The log-rank test was used to determine if there was a difference in survival curves between different groups of patients. A two-sided p-value of less than 0.050 was taken as significant. All analyzes were performed using Stata 9.0 software (StataCorp, Texas, US).
Results
During the study period, 25 patients were identified who underwent secondary cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer. Demographics and clinical characteristics of the patients at the time of diagnosis of recurrence are summarized in
Table 1. The median age at the time of recurrence was 52 years (range=31–78); 13 (52.0%) patients initially had stage III disease. At primary cytoreductive surgery, 20 patients (80.0%) had optimal, and five (20.0%) had suboptimal cytoreductive surgery. After primary surgery, all patients received platinum-based chemotherapy. The median DFI was 25.1 months (range=6.4–83.4). At the 5% significance level, only tumor grade was significantly (p<0.009) related to the disease-free interval [Table 2]. The median disease-free interval was 63.2, 16.7, and 22.4 months in disease grades one, two, and three, respectively. Patients with grade two and three tumors had shorter DFI compared to patients with grade one disease. Patients with optimal versus suboptimal primary cytoreductive surgery also appeared to have some relationship with the DFI [Table 3]; however, this was not statistically significant (p<0.348). This could be because the criteria for optimal cytoreduction varied in the study group.
Table 1: Demographics and clinical characteristics at recurrence.
|
Age at initial diagnosis (years) |
|
Median (range) |
52 (31–78) |
|
Primary surgery |
|
Optimal |
20 (80.0) |
|
Suboptimal |
5 (20.0) |
|
Disease stage |
|
I |
7 (28.0) |
|
II |
3 (12.0) |
|
III |
13 (52.0) |
|
IV |
0 (0) |
|
Unstaged |
2 (8.0) |
|
Grade of the disease |
|
|
Well-differentiated |
5 (20.0) |
|
Moderately differentiated |
10 (40.0) |
|
Poorly differentiated |
10 (40.0) |
|
Histology |
|
|
Serous |
11 (44.0) |
|
Endometroid |
7 (28.0) |
|
Clear cell |
5 (20.0) |
|
Mucinous |
2 (8.0) |
|
Site of recurrence |
|
|
Solitary |
19 (76.0) |
|
Multiple |
6 (24.0) |
|
Neoadjuvant therapy before secondary cytoreduction |
9 (36.0) |
|
Secondary cytoreduction |
|
|
Optimal |
20 (80.0) |
|
Suboptimal |
5 (20.0) |
|
Surgical procedure associated with secondary debulking |
|
Wedge resection of liver |
1 |
|
Colon resection |
8 |
|
Small bowel resection |
2 |
|
Distal pancreatectomy |
1 |
|
Splenectomy |
2 |
|
Adrenalectomy |
1 |
|
Unilateral nephrectomy |
1 |
|
Adjuvant therapy after secondary cytoreduction |
|
Yes |
23 (92.0) |
Table 2: Median disease-free interval for all patients by prognostic factors.
|
All patients |
25/25 |
25.1 (12.8–35.2) |
|
|
Cancer stage |
|
|
|
|
One |
7/7 |
33.7 (5.8–52.4) |
0.630 |
|
Two |
3/3 |
23.0 (9.8–undefined) |
|
Three |
13/13 |
16.8 (10.7–33.6) |
|
Tumor grade |
|
|
|
|
One |
5/5 |
63.2 (5.8–undefined) |
0.009 |
|
Two |
10/10 |
16.7 (8.0–38.0) |
|
Three |
10/10 |
22.4 (5.4–26.6) |
|
Histopathology |
|
|
|
|
Serous |
11/11 |
26.6 (10.7–46.2) |
0.705 |
|
Endometroid |
7/7 |
12.8 (8.0–51.4) |
|
Clear cell |
5/5 |
25.1 (12.6–undefined) |
|
Mucinous |
2/2 |
5.8 (5.8–undefined) |
|
Primary cytoreduction |
|
Optimal |
20/20 |
25.1 (9.8–46.2) |
**Median (95% CI).
Optimal secondary cytoreduction was achieved in 20 (80.0%) patients, five (20.0%) had suboptimal debulking. Of those five patients, three had nodal metastasis adherent to a major vessel, and the other two patients had a frozen pelvis with the disease extending up to the pelvic sidewall. Ten (40.0%) patients required bowel resection, but no end colostomy was performed. One (4.0%) patient had wedge resection of the liver, one (4.0%) had distal pancreatectomy, one (4.0%) had a unilateral nephrectomy, and one (4.0%) had adrenalectomy. There was no operative mortality. Following secondary cytoreductive surgery, 23 (85.2%) patients had adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy and two patients refused chemotherapy. Patients who did not respond to platinum-based chemotherapy were treated with second- and third-line chemotherapeutic agents.
Table 3: Median overall survival for all patients by prognostic factors.
|
All patients |
11/25 |
33.1 (15.3–undefined) |
|
|
Stage |
|
|
|
|
One |
2/7 |
NR(1.3–undefined) |
0.024 |
|
Two |
3/3 |
8.1 (8.0–undefined) |
|
Three |
5/13 |
33.1 (11.6–undefined) |
|
Tumor grade |
|
|
|
|
One |
2/5 |
NR (8.1–undefined) |
0.981 |
|
Two |
5/10 |
33.1 (8.0–undefined) |
|
Three |
4/10 |
21.8 (1.3–undefined) |
|
Histopathology |
|
|
Serous |
4/11 |
33.1 (9.7–undefined) |
0.089 |
|
Endometroid |
2/7 |
NR(8.0–undefined) |
|
Mucinous |
2/2 |
8.1 (8.1–undefined) |
|
Clear cell |
3/5 |
21.8 (1.3–undefined) |
|
Secondary cytoreduction |
|
|
Optimal |
7/20 |
NR (15.3–undefined) |
0.348 |
|
Suboptimal |
4/5 |
21.8 (9.7–undefined) |
|
Disease-free interval |
|
|
<12 months |
2/6 |
NR (8.0–undefined) |
0.761 |
|
≥12 months |
9/19 |
30.6 (11.6–undefined) |
|
Response to secondary cytoreductive surgery |
|
|
No* |
4/7 |
11.6 (1.3–undefined) |
**Median (95% CI); NR: Not reached.
*These patients had the progressive disease even after secondary surgery and chemotherapy.
The median follow-up duration for all patients was 38.9 months (95% CI, 17.8–72.4 months). Median overall survival was not reached for many groups, and 95% confidence intervals were not fully defined due to a small number of events (11 deaths out of 25 patients in total). Of the 25 patients, 12 (48.0%) developed a second recurrence and of these five patients underwent a third cytoreductive surgery, and seven patients received palliative chemotherapy.
At the 5% significant level, only cancer stage was significantly related to overall survival. Stage two and three patients were shown to do have a worse overall survival than stage one cancer patients [Table 3]. From the Kaplan-Meier plots, secondary cytoreduction being optimal or suboptimal also appeared to have some relationship with overall survival, but was not statistically significant. Additionally, patients responding to secondary treatment (i.e. secondary cytoreductive surgery plus chemotherapy) were analyzed, and those patients who had progressive disease after completion of secondary treatment were termed non-responders. Non-responders had a significantly shorter OS compared to responders (p=0.002)
[Figure 1].
The DFS of those 18 patients who responded to secondary cytoreductive surgery was analyzed. Only histopathology was significantly related to disease-free survival at the 5% significance level [Table 4]. Of the histopathology types, patients with clear-cell carcinoma showed better survival (p=0.002). Overall, after a median follow-up time of 38.9 months, eight patients (32.0%) were alive with no evidence of disease, six (24.0%) were alive with disease, and eleven (44.0%) had died. Figure 1 shows the overall survival following secondary cytoreductive surgery. The overall one-, two- and three-year survival rate following secondary cytoreductive surgery was 78.1%, 56.1%, and 44.9%, respectively.
Table 4: Median disease-free survival by prognostic factors for patients who responded to secondary treatment.
|
All patients |
14/18 |
21.5 (8.2–30.6) |
|
|
Cancer stage |
|
|
|
|
One |
4/6 |
16.6 (3.5–undefined) |
0.433 |
|
Two |
1/1 |
12.3 (only one patient) |
|
Three |
7/9 |
21.5 (8.0–30.6) |
|
Tumor grade |
|
|
|
|
One |
3/4 |
3.7 (3.5–undefined) |
0.268 |
|
Two |
7/8 |
16.6 (8.0–24.9) |
|
Three |
4/6 |
52.9 (12.3–undefined) |
|
Histopathology |
|
|
Serous |
6/8 |
22.0 (8.2–52.9) |
<0.001 |
|
Endometroid |
5/6 |
8.9 (3.7–undefined) |
|
Mucinous |
1/1 |
3.5 (only one patient) |
|
Clear cell |
2/3 |
87.0 (12.3–undefined) |
|
Secondary cytoreduction |
|
|
Optimal |
10/13 |
22.0 (3.7–52.9) |
0.803 |
|
Sub-optimal |
4/5 |
12.3 (8.9–undefined) |
|
Disease-free interval (months) |
|
|
<12 |
3/4 |
22.0 (3.5–undefined) |
**Median (95% CI).
Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier plot of overall survival for all patients by their response to secondary treatment.
Univariate analysis was performed on various clinical variables such as DFI (fewer than vs. more than 12 months), disease stage, tumor grade, and optimal versus suboptimal surgery. There was no significant difference in any of these variables, but those patients who responded to secondary cytoreductive surgery had a longer survival period than not responders.
Discussion
The role of primary cytoreductive surgery is well established in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer. Numerous investigators have documented improved survival after secondary cytoreductive surgery, but still lack evidence-based protocols for managing such patients. This is partly because most of the literature on this subject are non-randomized, retrospective studies. As these recurrent tumors develop resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy, and due to their heterogeneous behavior, the role of aggressive secondary cytoreductive surgery has always been questioned. Factors that affect survival following secondary cytoreductive surgery are disease-free interval following primary cytoreductive surgery and volume of residual disease following secondary cytoreductive surgery. Several studies, including ours, showed that the volume of residual disease after secondary cytoreduction had some effect on OS. We looked into the studies published on this subject over the last three decades. Since these studies were published between 1983 to 2012, the criteria for optimal cytoreduction varied from <2.5cm to no gross disease, we tabulated them according to the criteria used to see the rate of optimal secondary cytoreduction and their OS [Table 5]. During the period where the optimal cytoreduction was defined as <2.5 to >1.0cm, optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 37.5%–90.5% of cases and overall survival in these patients ranged from 10.0–45.8 months. When it was defined as less than <1.0cm optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 33.0%–100% of cases and the OS ranged from 11–48 months. With current definition of optimal cytoreduction being <0.25cm to no gross disease, optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 22.2%–100.0% of cases and OS in these patients was 22.5–60 months.
Table 5: Clinical series of cytoreductive surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer.
|
Berek et al9 |
A |
1983 |
32 |
54.5 |
10 |
6 |
<1.5 |
37.5 |
NA |
|
Morris et al10 |
A |
1989 |
30 |
50 |
16.3 |
36 |
<2.0 |
56.7 |
30.0 |
|
Janicke et al11 |
A |
1992 |
30 |
53 |
18 |
16 |
<2.0 |
86.7 |
46.7 |
|
Segna et al12 |
A |
1993 |
100 |
55 |
16.6 |
NA |
<2.0 |
61.0 |
NA |
|
Eisenkop et al13 |
B |
1995 |
36 |
60.6 |
43 |
22 |
≤1.0 |
91.7 |
83.3 |
|
Vaccarello et al14 |
A |
1995 |
57 |
57 |
18 |
20 |
<0.5 |
36.8 |
17.5 |
|
Landoni et al15 |
A |
1998 |
38 |
51C (mean) |
29 |
22 |
No gross |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
Cormio et al16 |
A |
1999 |
21 |
58 |
29 |
25 |
<2.0 |
90.5 |
71.4 |
|
Gadducci et al17 |
A |
2000 |
30 |
58.5 |
21 |
17.5 |
<2.0 |
83.3 |
56.7 |
|
Zang et al18 |
A |
2000 |
60 |
50 |
11 |
12 |
≤1.0 |
38.3 |
NA |
|
Chen et al19 |
A |
2000 |
22 |
56.5 |
41 |
26 |
<1.0 |
86.4 |
63.6 |
|
Eisenkop et al20 |
B |
2000 |
106 |
60.5 |
35.9 |
16.8 |
No gross |
82.1 |
82.1 |
|
Munkarah, et al21 |
A |
2001 |
25 |
55 |
25.1 |
37.6 |
≤2.0 |
72 |
48 |
|
Tay et al22 |
A |
2002 |
46 |
50.3 |
22.5 |
26 |
≤1.0 |
71.7 |
41.3 |
|
Bristow et al23 |
A |
2002 |
21 |
46 |
56.2 |
15.7 |
≤1.0 |
71.4 |
61.9** |
|
Yoon et al24 |
B |
2003 |
24 |
47.5 |
62 |
36.5 |
≤1.0 |
100.0 |
87.5 |
|
Zang et al25 |
A |
2003 |
60 |
52 |
17 |
NA |
≤1.0 |
38.3 |
NA |
|
Meredith et al26 |
A |
2003 |
26 |
62 |
26.3 |
23.4 |
≤1.0 |
80.8 |
69.2 |
|
Look et al27 |
A |
2003 |
24 |
54 |
45.8 |
NA |
<2.5 |
87.5 |
20.8 |
|
Loizzi et al28 |
D |
2003 |
31 |
57 |
38 |
34 |
<2.0 |
90.3 |
NA |
|
Leitao et al29 |
A |
2004 |
26 |
55.5 |
33.4 |
13.4 |
≤0.5 |
73.1 |
53.8 |
|
Zang et al30 |
B |
2004 |
117 |
53 |
22 |
15.4 |
≤1.0 |
61.5 |
9.4 |
|
Zanon et al31 |
B |
2004 |
30 |
60 |
28.1 |
NA |
≤0.25 |
76.7 |
NA |
|
Uzan et al32 |
A |
2004 |
12 |
51 |
50 |
21 |
No gross |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
Gronlund et al33 |
B |
2005 |
38 |
59C |
27.4E |
16.3 |
No gross |
42.1 |
42.1 |
|
Gungor et al34 |
A |
2005 |
44 |
54.3 |
16 |
27.1 |
<1.0 |
77.3 |
NA |
|
Yap et al35 |
A |
2005 |
22 |
57.4 |
26 |
48.2 |
<0.5 |
100.0 |
NA |
|
Onda et al36 |
B |
2005 |
44 |
52 |
32 |
18.5 |
<1.0 |
84.1 |
59.1 |
|
Ayhan et al37 |
A |
2006 |
64 |
50.6 |
18.6 |
15.5 |
≤1.0 |
82.8 |
43.8 |
|
Matsumoto et al38 |
A |
2006 |
23 |
55.7 |
41.7 |
22.5 |
<2.0 |
43.4 |
30.4 |
|
Manci et al39 |
A |
2006 |
24 |
54 |
56 |
26 |
≤0.5 |
100.0 |
66.7 |
|
Chi et al40 |
A |
2006 |
153 |
56.5 |
41.7 |
NA |
≤0.5 |
51.6 |
40.5 |
|
Harter et al41 |
B |
2006 |
267 |
60 |
29.2 |
NA |
≤1.0 |
75.7 |
49.8 |
|
Rufian et al42 |
B |
2006 |
14 |
55 |
57 |
NA |
≤1.0 |
85.0 |
52.0 |
|
Helm et al43 |
A |
2007 |
18 |
64 |
31 |
24.6 |
≤0.5 |
94.4 |
61.1 |
|
Salani et al44 |
A |
2007 |
55 |
57.7 |
48 |
26 |
≤1.0 |
89.1 |
74.5 |
|
Santillan et al45 |
A |
2007 |
25 |
59 |
37 |
16 |
≤1.0 |
100.0 |
96.0 |
|
Benedetti Panici et al46 |
B |
2007 |
40 |
51 |
60C |
14 |
No gross |
72.5 |
72.5 |
|
Benedetti Panici et al47 |
B |
2007 |
47 |
52 |
49 |
15 |
≤1.0 |
87.2 |
78.7 |
|
Cotte et al48 |
B |
2007 |
81 |
54.3 |
28.4 |
NA |
≤0.5 |
80.2 |
55.6 |
|
Tebes et al49 |
A |
2007 |
85 |
61 (mean) |
30 |
39 (mean) |
<1.0 |
86 |
NA |
|
Fotiou et al50 |
A |
2009 |
21 |
50 |
47 |
21 |
≤1.0 |
90.5 |
81 |
|
Bae et al51 |
A |
2009 |
54 |
54 |
42 |
24 |
≤0.5 |
87 |
59.3 |
|
Cheng et al52 |
A |
2009 |
21 |
53 |
27 |
14 |
≤1.0 |
33 |
NA |
|
Bristow et al53 |
A |
2009 |
56 |
56 |
38.4 |
NA |
≤1.0 |
92.9 |
85.7 |
|
Fagotti et al54 |
B |
2009 |
25 |
52 |
C |
25 |
<0.25 |
NA |
92 |
|
Harter et al55 |
A |
2009 |
250 |
60 |
29.5 |
NA |
≤1.0 |
NA |
50 |
|
Park et al56 |
A |
2010 |
67 |
|
|
20 |
|
|
55.2 |
|
Tian et al57 |
A |
2010 |
125 |
51 |
31.7 |
16.1 |
≤1.0 |
78.9 |
41.5 |
|
Sehouli et al58 |
B |
2010 |
240 |
57 |
29 |
NA |
≤1.0 |
77.9 |
53.8 |
|
Woelber et al59 |
A |
2010 |
48 |
60 |
26 |
18 |
<1.0 |
47.9 |
33.3 |
|
Schorge et al1 |
A |
2010 |
40 |
55.4 |
54 |
28 |
<0.5 |
80 |
55 |
|
Fagotti et al60 |
B |
2011 |
41 |
52.6 |
38 |
19 |
<0.25 |
100.0 |
100.0 |
|
Frederick et al61 |
A |
2011 |
62 |
52.7 |
|
28.2 |
<1.0 |
40.3 |
36 |
|
Burton et al62 |
A |
2011 |
20 |
59 |
22.5 |
18 |
No gross |
NA |
55 |
|
Königsrainer et al63 |
A |
2011 |
31 |
60 |
1150 days |
762 days |
No gross |
90.3 |
65 |
|
Classe et al64 |
A |
2011 |
35 |
58.5 |
35 |
40 |
<1.0 |
60 |
34.3 |
NA:data not available; A: retrospective review; B: prospective, non-randomized; C: median not yet reached; D: retrospective case-control; E: personal communication.
Various authors have shown that one important factor to have a significant influence on OS following secondary cytoreduction was the DFI (recurrence-free interval): a longer DFI was associated with more prolonged survival.3,17,18,22,66 However, some studies have shown that DFI was not a significant variable.4,8,9,44,49 In our study, the univariate analysis did not reveal any factors that affected the duration of OS. Our analysis was inherently limited by the potential for selection bias as, being a retrospective study, it covered a time during which concepts of optimal cytoreductive surgery and available adjuvant therapies evolved. This could have influenced the prognostic impact of individual variables on survival.
Conclusion
Our experience confirms that in a selected group of patients secondary cytoreduction improves survival of patients with ovarian cancer whose disease recurs at least six months after the primary treatment. Whether this is due to the surgical procedure itself or tumor biology remains unclear. There is urgent need for a large multi-institutional prospective randomized trial to analyze various variables and selection criteria for secondary cytoreductive surgery.
Disclosure
The authors declared no conflicts of interest. No funding was received for this study.
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